Effect of Nutritional Supplement Enriched with Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Lean Mass of Subjects with Oral Cavity Cancer in Oncologic Pretreatment: a Clinical Trial / Efeito do Suplemento Nutricional Enriquecido com Ácido Eicosapentaenoico na Massa Magra de Indivíduos com Câncer de Cavidade Oral em Pré-Tratamento Oncológico: um Ensaio Clínico / Efecto del Suplemento Nutricional Enriquecido con Ácido Eicosapentaenoico en Massa Magra de las Personas con Cáncer de cavidad oral en el Pretratamiento Oncológico: un Ensayo Clínico

Introduction: Oral cavity cancer is considered a public health problem worldwide. Malnutrition is prevalent in this population, increasing morbidity and mortality. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid has been proposed to reverse protein catabolism and modulate inflammatory processes. Objective:Assess the effect of supplement with eicosapentaenoic acid in the weight and lean mass of patients with oral cavity cancer. Method: Clinical trial conducted with patients in oncologic pretreatment. The patients were randomized to receive nutritional supplement with eicosapentaenoic acid (2 g/day) or placebo. Nutritional parameters (weight, height, body composition and food intake) were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 4 weeks of supplementation (T1). The paired t-test or Wilcoxon test were used in intragroup comparisons. Associations between categorical variables were verified using the χ² or Fisher Exact test. Logistic regression was applied to identify the chance of weight loss. Differences were considered significant at p <0.05. Results:It was not observed significant difference on nutritional parameters between the groups after intervention. However, considering each group at the beginning and at the end of the study, it was observed that patients in the control group presented significant weight loss (T0: 57.2 kg x T1: 56.4 kg), reduction in the body mass index (T0: 22.6 kg/m2x T1: 22.0 kg/m2), fat mass (T0: 17.3 kg x T1: 15.3 kg) and arm circumference (T0: 27.4 cm xT1: 26.8 cm). Those who received supplement with eicosapentaenoic acid had 80% less chance of losing weight (95% CI: 0.045-0.860; OR: 0.19). Conclusion: This trial yielded data suggesting that patients with oral cavity cancer can benefit from eicosapentaenoic acid-containing nutritional supplement in oncologic pretreatment.

Introdução: O câncer de cavidade oral é considerado um problema de saúde pública no mundo. A desnutrição é prevalente nessa população, aumentando a morbimortalidade. A suplementação com ácido eicosapentaenoico tem sido proposta para reverter o catabolismo proteico e modular processos inflamatórios. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do suplemento nutricional enriquecido com ácido eicosapentaenoico no peso corporal e massa magra de pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral. Método: Ensaio clínico realizado com pacientes em pré-tratamento oncológico. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber suplemento nutricional com ácido eicosapentaenoico (2 g/dia) ou placebo. Os parâmetros nutricionais (peso, estatura, composição corporal e ingestão alimentar) foram avaliados no início (T0) e após quatro semanas de suplementação (T1). O teste-t pareado ou de Wilcoxon foram usados nas comparações intragrupos. As associações entre as variáveis categóricas foram verificadas por meio do teste do χ² ou Exato de Fisher. A regressão logística foi aplicada para identificar a chance de perder peso. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros nutricionais entre os grupos após a intervenção. No entanto, considerando cada grupo no início e no final do estudo, observou-se que os pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram perda de peso significativa (T0: 57,2 kg x T1: 56,4 kg), redução no índice de massa corporal (T0: 22,6 kg/m2x T1: 22,0 kg/m2), massa gorda (T0: 17,3 kg x T1: 15,3 kg) e circunferência do braço (T0: 27,4 cm xT1: 26,8 cm). Aqueles que receberam suplemento com ácido eicosapentaenoico tiveram 80% menos chance de perder peso (95% IC: 0,045-0,860; OR: 0,19). Conclusão: Este estudo produziu dados que sugerem que pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral podem se beneficiar com o uso de suplemento nutricional contendo ácido eicosapentaenoico no pré-tratamento oncológico.

Introducción: El cáncer de la cavidad oral se considera un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. La desnutrición prevalece en esta población, lo que aumenta la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Cuando la desnutrición se asocia con la anorexia, el aumento del gasto energético y la inflamación se denomina caquexia. Se ha propuesto la suplementación con ácido eicosapentaenoico para revertir el catabolismo proteico y modular los procesos inflamatorios. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un suplemento nutricional enriquecido con ácido eicosapentaenoico sobre el peso corporal y la masa magra de pacientes con cáncer de cavidad oral. Método: Ensayo clínico realizado con pacientes sometidos a tratamiento previo al cáncer. Los pacientes fueron asignados al azar para recibir un suplemento nutricional con ácido eicosapentaenoico (2 g/día) o placebo. Los parámetros nutricionales (peso, altura, composición corporal e ingesta alimentaria) se evaluaron al inicio del estudio (T0) y después de 4 semanas de suplementación (T1). En las comparaciones intragrupo se utilizó la prueba t pareada o de Wilcoxon. Las asociaciones entre variables categóricas se verificaron mediante la prueba de la χ² o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se aplicó regresión logística para identificar la posibilidad de perder peso. Las diferencias se consideraron significativas en p<0,05. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en los parámetros nutricionales entre los grupos después de la intervención. Sin embargo, considerando cada grupo al principio y al final del estudio, se observó que los pacientes en el grupo de control tenían una pérdida de peso significativa (T0: 57,2 kg x T1: 56,4 kg), reducción en el índice de masa corporal (T0: 22,6 kg/m2x T1: 22,0 kg/m2), masa grasa (T0: 17,3 kg x T1: 15,3 kg) y circunferencia del brazo (T0: 27,4 cm x T1: 26,8 cm). Aquellos que fueron suplementados con ácido eicosapentaenoico tenían 80% menos probabilidades de perder peso (95% IC: 0,045-0,860; OR: 0,19). Conclusión: Este estudio produjo datos que sugieren que los pacientes con cáncer de la cavidad oral pueden beneficiarse del uso de un suplemento nutricional que contenga ácido eicosapentaenoico en el tratamiento previo al cáncer.

Smoking history: relationships with inflammatory markers, metabolic markers, body composition, muscle strength, and cardiopulmonary capacity in current smokers / Relação da carga tabágica com marcadores inflamatórios, marcadores metabólicos, composição corporal, força muscular e capacidade cardiorrespiratória em tabagistas

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the relationships that smoking history has with inflammatory markers, metabolic markers, body composition, muscle strength, and cardiopulmonary capacity in current smokers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 65 smokers (age range: 18-60 years). On three non-consecutive days, each participant was evaluated in terms of smoking history, pre-existing comorbidities, lung function (by spirometry), peripheral muscle strength (by dynamometry), body composition (by bioelectrical impedance analysis), levels of metabolic/inflammatory markers, and maximum cardiopulmonary capacity (by treadmill exercise test). We evaluated the relationships that smoking history has with inflammatory markers, metabolic markers, body composition, muscle strength, and cardiopulmonary capacity, using logarithmic transformation of the data and calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient and for partial correlations adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities. To identify the influence of smoking history on pre-existing comorbidities, we used a logistic regression model adjusted for age, BMI, and duration of smoking. Results: Smoking history correlated significantly, albeit weakly, with triglyceride level (r = 0.317; p = 0.005), monocyte count (r = 0.308; p = 0.013), and waist circumference (r = 0.299; p = 0.017). However, those correlations did not retain their significance in the adjusted analysis. In the logistic regression model, smoking more than 20 cigarettes/day correlated significantly with the presence of metabolic diseases (OR = 0.31; 95% CI: 1.009-1.701; p = 0.043). Conclusions: In this sample of smokers, smoking history correlated positively with the triglyceride level, the monocyte count, and waist circumference. The prevalence of metabolic disease was highest in those who smoked more than 20 cigarettes/day.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação da carga tabágica com marcadores inflamatórios, marcadores metabólicos, composição corporal, força muscular e capacidade cardiorrespiratória em tabagistas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 65 tabagistas de ambos os sexos (idade: 18-60 anos). Todos os participantes foram avaliados em três dias não consecutivos quanto ao histórico de tabagismo, comorbidades pré-existentes, função pulmonar (espirometria), força muscular periférica (dinamometria), composição corporal (bioimpedância), dosagem de marcadores metabólicos e inflamatórios e teste cardiopulmonar em esteira para avaliar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória máxima. Avaliou-se a relação da carga tabágica com marcadores inflamatórios, marcadores metabólicos, composição corporal, força muscular e capacidade cardiorrespiratória com transformação logarítmica através da correlação de Pearson e correlações parciais ajustadas para idade, sexo, índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e comorbidades. A regressão logística com modelo ajustado para idade, IMC e tempo de tabagismo foi utilizada para identificar a influência do histórico de tabagismo sobre as comorbidades pré-existentes. Resultados: Observaram-se correlações positivas fracas somente para dados não ajustados da carga tabágica com nível de triacilglicerol (r = 0,317; p = 0,005), contagem de monócitos (r = 0,308; p = 0,013) e circunferência abdominal (r = 0,299; p = 0,017). No modelo de regressão logística, fumar mais de 20 cigarros/dia correlacionou-se significativamente com a presença de doenças metabólicas (OR = 0,31; IC95%: 1,009-1,701; p = 0,043). Conclusões: Nesta amostra de tabagistas, a carga tabágica se correlacionou positivamente com nível de triacilglicerol, contagem de monócitos e circunferência abdominal. A prevalência de doenças metabólicas foi maior em tabagistas que fumam mais de 20 cigarros/dia.

Effects of curcumin on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight adolescent girls: a randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obese adolescents are at higher risk of development of cardiovascular risk factors and obesity in later life. Dietary intake of antioxidants, particularly curcumin, as an active ingredient of turmeric extract, may have noticeable effects on obesity and its important complications such as cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of curcumin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese female adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial; Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran. METHODS: 60 adolescent girls (aged 13-18 years) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or intervention. The adolescents were asked to consume one 500 mg tablet per day, containing either standardized 95% turmeric extract or placebo, and to undergo a weight maintenance or a mild weight loss diet for 10 weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical indices were assessed at the baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: Curcumin supplementation had beneficial effects on body mass index (P = 0.019), waist circumference (P = 0.008), hip circumference (P = 0.030), high-density lipoprotein levels (P = 0.042) and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein ratio (P = 0.021). However, in univariate analysis of covariance, no significant differences were found between the intervention and placebo groups after 10 weeks of supplementation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prescription of curcumin supplementation along with use of a slight weight loss diet might have beneficial effects on some cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese female adolescents. Larger clinical trials with higher curcumin doses and longer duration are needed to confirm the results from the current study. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20171107037302N1

Serum level of cathelicidin LL-37 is increased in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder irrespective of their cardio-metabolic status

Abstract Background Antimicrobial peptides are components of the innate immune system. Cathelicidin LL-37 plays an important role in antimicrobial defense, exerts proinflammatory effect and strongly affects the immune system functioning. Our recent study revealed that serum concentration of LL-37 is increased in patients with bipolar disorder. Objectives The aim of this study is to re-evaluate serum LL-37 levels in patients with euthymic bipolar disorder and in healthy controls, matched for anthropometric and body composition parameters. Methods 36 adult patients with euthymic bipolar disorder and 68 non-depressed adults were included into the study. Concentration of LL-37 in serum was assessed using ELISA method. Detailed anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical analyses were performed. Results There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) in serum LL-37 level between patients with bipolar disorder (4.97 ± 7.98 ng/mL) and control subjects (1.78 ± 2.69 ng/mL). Discussion Results of this study indicate that LL-37 serum level is increased in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. We found that this increase could not be attributed to analyzed anthropometric or body composition parameters.

Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of crack users and to analyze its correlation with drug use profiles. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 108 crack users. Anthropometric data were assessed through body mass index (BMI) and bioimpedance (BIA) measurements. A blood test to analyze hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and lipid profiles was also performed. Crack use was determined through a standardized interview. Results: Based on BMI and BIA, most individuals were eutrophic (about 70%). Regarding hematological parameters, we found that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were below normal for 32.4 and 30.6% of patients, respectively. Considering normal parameters, a large part of the sample (60.2%) had low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides (38%). There were no significant correlations between drug profile and nutritional variables. Conclusion: This is a pioneering study that examines the nutritional status of crack users. Our results showed that most crack users present normal anthropometric findings and the prevalence of underweight is low. However, blood analysis showed changes and a specific type of malnutrition.

Adipogenic and Lipolytic Effects of Ascorbic Acid in Ovariectomized Rats

PURPOSE: Ascorbic acid has been reported to have an adipogenic effect on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, while evidence also suggests that ascorbic acid reduces body weight in humans. In this study, we tested the effects of ascorbic acid on adipogenesis and the balance of lipid accumulation in ovariectomized rats, in addition to long-term culture of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Murine 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and ovariectomized rats were treated with ascorbic acid at various time points. In vitro adipogenesis was analyzed by Oil Red O staining, and in vivo body fat was measured by a body composition analyzer using nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS: When ascorbic acid was applied during an early time point in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and after bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) in rats, adipogenesis and fat mass gain significantly increased, respectively. However, lipid accumulation in well-differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed a significant reduction when ascorbic acid was applied after differentiation (10 days after induction). Also, oral ascorbic acid administration 4 weeks after OVX in rats significantly reduced both body weight and subcutaneous fat layer. In comparison to the results of ascorbic acid, which is a well-known cofactor for an enzyme of collagen synthesis, and the antioxidant ramalin, a potent antioxidant but not a cofactor, showed only a lipolytic effect in well-differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, not an adipogenic effect. CONCLUSION: Taking these results into account, we concluded that ascorbic acid has both an adipogenic effect as a cofactor of an enzymatic process and a lipolytic effect as an antioxidant.

New insights into the effects of irisin levels in HIV-infected subjects: correlation with adiposity, fat-free mass, and strength parameters

ABSTRACT Objective Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of metabolic disorders and alterations on irisin levels. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to quantify the circulating irisin concentration in HIV-infected subjects under highly active antiretroviral therapy and to determine possible correlations between irisin levels with fat mass, fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), and muscle strength. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional study of 10 men (36.7 ± 11.3 years) and 10 women (42.5 ± 10.3 years) infected with HIV, recruited from the Specialized Service Center in the State Center of Reference for High and Medium Complexity. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma irisin levels, glucose, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass) and anthropometrics (body mass index; BMI) were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Muscle strength was assessed using a mechanic hand dynamometer and one maximum repetition tests. Results Irisin levels correlated positively with fat mass (r = 0.67; p = 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.48; p = 0.036). In contrast, there was an inverse correlation between irisin levels and fat-free mass (r = -0.41; p = 0.008) and five strength parameters: right hand grip (r = -0.46; p = 0.044); left hand grip (r = -0.50; p = 0.027), relative hand grip (r = -0.79; p = 0.001), bench press (r = -0.58; p = 0.009), leg press (r = -0.40; p = 0.085), and biceps curl (r = -0.059; p = 0.009). Conclusion Irisin levels correlated positively with body fat and negatively with fat-free mass and strength parameters in HIV-infected patients. Female patients infected with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy have higher levels of irisin compared with men in a similar circumstance.

Effects of HMB supplementation on body composition of rats / Efectos de la suplementación con HMB sobre la composición corporal en ratas

The aim was to investigate the effects of HMB supplementation on the physical performance and anthropometric parameters of Wistar rats that underwent eight weeks of concurrent training. We used 22 male Wistar rats of approximately 60 days of age, And were divided into four groups: control (C), supplemented control (SC), exercise (E) and supplemented exercise (SE). The training consisted of 30 minutes of swimming with an overload corresponding to 70 % of the anaerobic threshold, a one-minute interval, and four sets of ten jumps in water with a one minute interval between sets and a load of 50 % of body weight. After the tests, the tLIM and tTESTE were obtained and used to evaluate the performance of the animals, and anthropometric indices evaluated. The weight increases during the treatment in the SC animals was significantly higher than the animals in groups C and E. The absolute weight of the muscles, kidney and epididymal fat showed higher values for the SC and SE groups in relation to the others.

Se investigaron los efectos de la suplementación con HMB en el rendimiento físico y los parámetros antropométricos de ratas Wistar sometidas a ocho semanas de entrenamiento concurrente. La muestra consistió en 22 ratas Wistar machos, aproximadamente de 60 días de edad, los que fueron divididos en cuatro grupos: control (C), control suplementado (CS), ejercicio (E) y ejercicio suplementado (ES). El entrenamiento consistió en 30 minutos de natación correspondiente a 70 % de la sobrecarga del umbral anaeróbico, un intervalo de un minuto y cuatro series de diez saltos en el agua con intervalo de un minuto entre series y una carga del 50 % del peso del cuerpo. El tLIM y tTESTE se utilizaron para evaluar el rendimiento de los animales, y los índices antropométricos. El aumento de peso durante el tratamiento CS fue significativamente más alto que las de los grupos C y E. El peso absoluto de los músculos, los riñones y la grasa del epidídimo mostraron valores más altos en los grupos CS y ES en relación con los demás.

Impact of biological therapy on body composition of patients with Chron's disease / Impacto da terapia biológica em portadores de doença de Crohn: Um estudo prospectivo

Summary Introduction: Protein-energy malnutrition in Crohn's disease (CD) has been reported in 20 to 92% of patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and higher costs for the health system. Anti-TNF drugs are a landmark in the clinical management, promoting prolonged remission in patients with CD. It is believed that the remission of this disease leads to nutritional recovery. The effect of biological therapy on body composition and nutritional status is unclear. Method: Prospective study of body assessment by bioelectrical impedance method in patients with moderate to severe CD undergoing treatment with infliximab. The main outcome was the body composition before and after 6 months of anti-TNF therapy. Results: There was a predominance of females (52%) with a mean age of 42±12 years. Most patients were eutrophic at baseline and remained so. There was an increase in all parameters of body composition after anti-TNF treatment: BMI (22.9±3.2 versus 25±3.8; p=0.005), waist circumference (88.1±6.7 versus 93.9±7.7; p=0.002), lean mass index (17.5±2.2 versus 18.2±2.3; p=0.000) and fat mass index (5.5±2.3 versus 6.8±2.3; p=0.000). Phase angle remained unchanged (6.2 versus 6.8; p=0.94). Conclusion: After therapy with IFX, all components of body composition increased, except for phase angle. The substantial increase in fat mass index and waist circumference led to concern regarding cardiovascular risk and, thus, to the need for further studies.

Resumo Introdução: Desnutrição proteico-calórica em pacientes de doença de Crohn (DC) tem sido relatada em 20 a 92% dos casos associando-se a maior morbimortalidade e maiores custos para o sistema de saúde. Agentes anti-TNF são um marco no controle clínico, promovendo remissão prolongada em portadores de DC. Acredita-se que a remissão da doença leve à recuperação nutricional desses pacientes. O efeito da terapia biológica na composição corporal e no estado nutricional é pouco conhecido. Método: Estudo prospectivo de avaliação corporal por método de bioimpedância em portadores de DC moderada a grave submetidos a terapia com infliximabe (IFX). O desfecho principal foi a composição corporal antes e após 6 meses de terapia anti-TNF. Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino (52%), com média de idades de 42±12 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era eutrófica na inclusão do estudo e assim permaneceu. Houve aumento de todos os parâmetros da composição corporal após o tratamento anti-TNF: IMC (22,9±3,2 versus 25±3,8; p=0,005), circunferência abdominal (88,1±6,7 versus 93,9±7,7; p=0,002), índice de massa magra (17,5±2,2 versus 18,2±2,3; p=0,000) e índice de massa gorda (5,5±2,3 versus 6,8±2,3; p=0,000). O ângulo de fase manteve-se inalterado (6,2 versus 6,8; p=0,94). Conclusão: Após terapia com IFX, observou-se aumento de todos os componentes da composição corporal, exceto no ângulo de fase. O aumento substancial do índice de massa gorda e da circunferência abdominal levantam a preocupação de aumento nos riscos cardiovasculares e necessidade de estudos complementares.

AVALIAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS ÓSSEOS TARDIOS E COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES TRATADOS DE LEUCEMIA LINFOIDE AGUDA SEGUNDO PROTOCOLOS BRASILEIROS / ASSESSMENT OF THE LATE EFFECTS ON BONES AND ON BODY COMPOSITION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS TREATED FOR ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN PROTOCOLS

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da terapia sobre a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e composição corporal em sobreviventes da leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA), tratados de acordo com os protocolos brasileiros do Grupo Cooperativo Brasileiro de Tratamento de Leucemia Linfoide Aguda na Infância (GBTLI), LLA-93 e LLA-99. Métodos: Em estudo transversal com 101 pacientes, avaliaram-se a composição corporal e a DMO por meio da densitometria óssea, interpretando-a conforme a faixa etária e a população de referência. Foi considerado grupo de risco para baixa DMO valores de z-escore entre -1,1 e -1,9 no grupo dos menores de 20 anos. Compararam-se os valores da DMO com características clínicas, tratamento recebido e composição corporal. Foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, razão de verossimilhança e t de Student, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram encontradas 2% de fraturas, 2% de osteonecrose e 2,9% de baixa DMO. No grupo de pacientes com menos de 20 anos, três apresentaram baixa DMO. Os 16 pacientes com risco para baixa DMO exibiram menores valores em vértebras lombares L1-L4 (p=0,01), corpo total (p=0,005) e valores mais baixos de massa magra (p=0,03). No grupo de 22 pacientes com mais de 20 anos, dez demonstraram osteopenia. Conclusões: O baixo impacto do tratamento sobre a DMO neste estudo ratifica o conceito de que o ganho de massa óssea ocorre com o aumento da idade e que o tratamento não influencia tal processo. A população de risco para baixa DMO demonstrou valores menores de massa óssea, podendo beneficiar-se de um acompanhamento em longo prazo para uma possível toxicidade óssea.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated in accordance with Brazilian protocols by the Brazilian Cooperative Group of Treatment of Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood (GBTLI) LLA-93 and LLA-99. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 101 patients was performed. BMD and body composition were evaluated using bone densitometry and were interpreted according to the age group and the reference population. Values between -1.1 and -1.9 in the group of children under 20 years were considered as risk group for low BMD z-scores. BMD values were compared to clinical characteristics, treatment received and body composition. A chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, likelihood ratio and Student’s t-test were applied, with a 5% significance level. Results: The patients presented a frequency of fractures of 2%, of osteonecrosis, 2%, and of low BMD, 2.9%. In the group of 79 patients under 20 years of age, three had low BMD. The 16 that presented risk for low BMD, demonstrated lower valutes in lumbar vertebrae L1-L4 (p=0.01) and whole body (p=0.005), and smaller values of lean body mass (p=0.03). In the group of 22 patients over 20 years of age, ten had osteopenia. Conclusions: The low impact of treatment on BMD of this study confirms the concept that the bone mass gain occurs with increasing age and that the treatment does not influence the process. The population at risk for low BMD values presented lower bone mass values and could benefit from a long-term monitoring for possible bone toxicity.

Body composition, resting energy expenditure and inflammatory markers: impact in users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate after 12 months follow-up

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate for 12 months the changes of body weight using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) and if these changes are related to inflammatory markers. Subjects and methods Twenty women of childbearing age who chose the DMPA, without previous use of this method, BMI < 30 kg/m2, and 17 women using IUD TCu 380A, participated in the study. At the baseline and after one year, changes in weight gain, body composition by the bioimpedance electric method, resting energy expenditure (REE) by the indirect calorimetry method, inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR were assessed. Results After 12 months of evaluation, we could observe a significant increase in the DMPA group in weight (3,01 kg) and BMI, while the IUD group’s only significant increase was observed in the BMI. Relative to REE there was an increase of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in both groups after one year. The sub-group DMPA that gained < 3 kg had increased significant weight, BMI and body surface (BS) with respiratory quotient (RQ) reduction, while the sub-group that gained ≥ 3 kg had a significant increase in weight, BMI, BS, fat-free mass, fat mass, BMR, Leptin, HOMA-IR and waist circumference, with RQ significantly reduced. Conclusion Our study found significant changes in weight, body composition and metabolic profile of the population studied in the first 12 months of contraceptive use. These changes mainly increased body weight, leptin levels and HOMA-IR which can contribute to the development of some chronic complications, including obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.

Influência do tratamento antineoplásico sobre os vetores de bioimpedância elétrica em pacientes com câncer de mama / Influence of Antineoplastic Treatment on Bioelectrical Impedance Vector in Women with Malignant Breast Neoplasm / Influencia del Tratamiento Antineoplásico en la Bioimpedancia Vectorial Eléctrica en Pacientes con Cáncer de Mama

Introdução: A quimioterapia aparece como promotora do aumento no peso e no percentual de gordura, os quais estão em conexão com o desenvolvimento da carcinogênese mamária. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do tratamento antineoplásico sobre a composição corporal e vetores de impedância bioelétrica em mulheres com neoplasia da mama. Método: Estudo observacional, tipo antes e depois, realizado de março de 2012 a junho de 2013, no Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (Ceará, Brasil), com 30 mulheres com tumor na mama, avaliadas após o diagnóstico e antes do tratamento antineoplásico (M1), e após o tratamento antineoplásico (M2). Coletaram-se dados antropométricos, de composição corporal e valores de resistência (R) e reactância (Xc) para análise vetorial de impedância bioelétrica (BIVA). Resultados: Os percentuais de gordura corporal estiveram acima do recomendado nos dois momentos [M1= 35,6% (4,9) e M2= 35,3% (4,7)] e os valores de massa magra foram, respectivamente, 64,3% (4,9), 64,6% (4,7) sem diferenças significativas. A Reactância (p=0,001) e o ângulo de fase (p=0,000) apresentaram-se diminuídos no M2. Os vetores de impedância, quando comparados M1 e M2, não mostraram deslocamento significativo (p=0,053). Entretanto, ao serem comparados com o vetor médio de uma população de referência, apresentaram deslocamento significativo antes (T2=95,2; p=0,000) e após (T2=53,2; p=0,000) o tratamento antineoplásico, indicando alterações nas propriedades elétricas dos tecidos, retenção hídrica e perda de massa celular. Conclusão: A composição corporal não se alterou após o tratamento antineoplásico. As modificações nos vetores de impedância foram sugestivas de alterações nas propriedades elétricas dos tecidos, indicando pior prognóstico clínico.

Introduction: Chemotherapy appears to promote increased weight and fat percentage, which are in connection with the development of mammary carcinogenesis. Objective: To evaluate the influence of the anti-cancer treatment on body composition and bioelectrical impedance vectors in women with breast cancer. Method: Observational study, both before and after, held from March 2012 to June 2013 at the General Hospital of Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil), with 30 women with breast tumors, assessed after diagnosis and before the anti-cancer treatment (M1), and after the anticancer treatment (M2). The study collected anthropometric data, body composition and resistance values (R) and reactance (Xc) for vector analysis of bioelectrical impedance (BIVA). Results: The percentage of body fat was above the recommended levels in both instances [M1 = 35.6% (4.9) and M2 = 35.3% (4.7)] and lean body mass values were, respectively, 64 3% (4.9) 64.6% (4.7), without significant differences. The reactance (p=0.001) and the phase angle (p = 0.000) had become reduced in M2. The impedance vectors, when M1 and M2 were compared, showed no significant shift (p=0,053). However, when compared with the mean vector of a reference population, it presented a significant displacement before (T2=95,2; p=0,000) and after (T2=53,2; p=0,000) the antineoplastic treatment, indicating alterations in the electrical properties of the tissue, fluid retention and loss of cell mass. Conclusion: Body composition did not change after the anti-cancer treatment. Changes in impedance vectors were suggestive of changes in the electrical properties of tissue, indicating a poorer clinical prognosis.

Introducción: Quimioterapia promueve el aumento en porcentaje en peso y la grasa corporal que están en conexión con el desarrollo de la carcinogénesis mamaria. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del tratamiento antineoplásico en la composición corporal y en la bioimpedancia vectorial eléctrica en mujeres con cáncer de mama. Método: Estudio observacional incluyendo el antes y el después, llevado de marzo de 2012 a junio de 2013 en el Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (Ceará, Brasil), con 30 mujeres con tumores de mama, evaluadas después del diagnóstico y antes del tratamiento antineoplásico (M1) y después del tratamiento antineoplásico (M2). Fueron recogidos los datos antropométricos, la composición corporal y valores de resistencia (R) y de reactancia (Xc) para Análisis de Bioimpedancia Vectorial Eléctrica (BIVA). Resultados: Los porcentajes de grasa corporal estuvieron por encima de los niveles recomendados en ambos momentos [M1=35,6%(4,9) y M2=35,3%(4,7)] y los valores de masa corporal magra fueron, respectivamente, 64,3% (4,9) 64,6% (4,7), sin diferencias significativas. La reactancia (p=0,001) y el ángulo de fase (p=0,000) se redujeron en M2. Los vectores de impedancia cuando se comparan M1 y M2 no mostraron cambio significativo (p = 0,053). Sin embargo, cuando se compara con el vector medio de una población de referencia, dichos vectores mostraron un cambio significativo antes (T2=95,2; p=0,000) y después (T2=53,2; p=0,000) del tratamiento antineoplásico, lo que indica cambios en las propiedades eléctricas del tejido, retención de líquidos y la pérdida de masa celular. Conclusión: La composición corporal no cambió después del tratamiento antineoplásico. Los cambios en los vectores de impedancia son indicadores de los cambios en las propiedades eléctricas de los tejidos, lo que indica un peor pronóstico clínico.

Metabolic effects of androgen deprivation therapy

The therapeutic effects and side effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is a main treatment method for metastatic prostate cancer, are well known, but the metabolic effects have only recently been studied. This review describes the effects of ADT on body habitus, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The review was done by using KoreaMed and PubMed to search the medical literature related to prostate cancer, ADT, body habitus, lipid profile, diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. ADT increases fat mass and decreases lean body mass. Fat mostly accumulates in the subcutaneous area. ADT increases total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein, as well as the risk for insulin resistance and diabetes. ADT also increases the risk for cardiovascular events, but insufficient evidence is available for a correlation with mortality. ADT changes body habitus and lipid profiles and has different characteristics than those of classic metabolic syndrome, but it is related to insulin resistance and diabetes. ADT increases the risk for cardiovascular events. No consistent guidelines have been proposed for treating the metabolic effects of ADT, but the generally recommended treatment methods for lowering the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease should be fully understood. Additional studies are necessary.

effects and underlying mechanism of interferon therapy on body weight and body composition

Body weight changes in HCV patients on interferon therapy are well documented. However, the underlying mechanism involved in these changes is poorly understood and rarely reported. The main objectives of this review are to 1] discuss changes in body weight and other compartments of body composition, particularly, body fat, and 2] to discuss the underlying mechanism for these changes. The literature review suggests weight loss [12-29%] as a function of interferon therapy is common, affecting up to 90% of HCV patients. Whilst, loss in weight means proportionate loss in other body compartments [lean body mass and body fat, in particular] data on changes in segmented body composition are fragmentary. The possible mechanisms underlying weight loss or changes in other body composition have been reported and these include suppressed appetite due to induction of TNF by IFN, a decrease in serum leptin level, and importantly mitochondrial damage induced by the therapy. It is, therefore, suggested that close monitoring of chronic HCV patients receiving PEG-IFN and/or ribavirin for side effects of these drugs, particularly those related to weight loss, is vitally important from clinical point of view

Modification of fatty acid composition in broiler chickens fed canola oil

This article describes the possibility of modifying the composition of fat tissue in broiler chickens fed canola oil, which is high in monounsaturated fatty acids. 128 one-day old broiler chickens, randomly assigned into 4 groups of 32 chicks each, received one of four diets containing 15% oil with different percentages of canola oil (diet 1: 0% canola oil, diet 2: 5% canola oil, diet 3: 10% canola oil and diet 4: 15% canola oil), for 31 days. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 8 chicks. The birds were sacrificed at day 45 to obtain tissue samples. The fatty acid composition was measured in meat (legs and breasts), fat (abdominal and subcutaneous) and plasma. An increase in oleic acid (p<0.01) was detected, as well as a decrease in linoleic acid (p<0.01), together with a slight increase in α-linolenic acid (p<0.05) with a higher percentage of canola oil. The composition of fat tissue was more representative of the dietary fatty acids than muscle tissue. In conclusion, canola oil increased the content of omega 9 and omega 3 fatty acids and decreased the content of omega 6 fatty acids in meat, fat and plasma in broiler chickens.

Bone mineral density and body composition in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty before and after treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic central precocious puberty and its postponement with a (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) GnRH agonist are complex conditions, the final effects of which on bone mass are difficult to define. We evaluated bone mass, body composition, and bone remodeling in two groups of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty, namely one group that was assessed at diagnosis and a second group that was assessed three years after GnRH agonist treatment. METHODS: The precocious puberty diagnosis and precocious puberty treatment groups consisted of 12 girls matched for age and weight to corresponding control groups of 12 (CD) and 14 (CT) girls, respectively. Bone mineral density and body composition were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Lumbar spine bone mineral density was estimated after correction for bone age and the mathematical calculation of volumetric bone mineral density. CONEP: CAAE-0311.0.004.000-06. RESULTS: Lumbar spine bone mineral density was slightly increased in individuals diagnosed with precocious puberty compared with controls; however, after correction for bone age, this tendency disappeared (CD = -0.74 + 0.9 vs. precocious puberty diagnosis = -1.73 + 1.2). The bone mineral density values of girls in the precocious puberty treatment group did not differ from those observed in the CT group. CONCLUSION: There is an increase in bone mineral density in girls diagnosed with idiopathic central precocious puberty. Our data indicate that the increase in bone mineral density in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty is insufficient to compensate for the marked advancement in bone age observed at diagnosis. GnRH agonist treatment seems to have no detrimental effect on bone mineral density.

Nutritional status and lipid profile of HIV-positive children and adolescents using antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE: To describe nutritional status, body composition and lipid profile in children and adolescents receiving protease inhibitors. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients, 23 treated with protease inhibitors (group 1) and 36 not using protease inhibitors (group 2). Their dietary intake, anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis and lipid profile variables were measured. RESULTS: There was no difference in nutritional status or body composition between groups at the beginning of the study. After 6 months of follow-up, there was an increase in weight and height in both groups, as well as in waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. In group 2, body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness adequacy were significantly higher after 6 months of follow-up. The groups had similar energy and macronutrient intake at any time point. After 6 months, group 1 had a higher cholesterol intake and group 2 had a higher fiber intake. Triglyceride serum levels were significantly different between the groups, with higher values in G1, at any time point [G1: 153 mg/dl (30-344); 138 (58-378) versus G2: 76 mg/dl (29-378); 76 (29-378)]. After 6 months of follow-up, G1 had higher LDL-cholesterol than G2 [104 mg/dl (40-142) versus 82 (42-145)]. CONCLUSION: The use of protease inhibitors, per se, does not seem to significantly interfere with anthropometric measures, body composition and food intake of HIV-infected children and adolescents. However, this antiretroviral therapy was associated with a significant increase in triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol in our subjects.

Efectividad del uso de suplementos de proteína en entrenamientos de fuerza: Revisión sistemática / Effectivity in the use of protein supplements in resistance training: Systematic review

Para incrementar la fuerza y la masa muscular, la proteína se ha convertido en uno de los suplementos más populares entre los atletas. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la suplementación proteica sobre la composición corporal. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura de estudios aleatorios controlados, publicados en MEDLINE/PubMed y SciELO hasta el 10 de abril de 2009. Se incluyeron todos los estudios realizados en sujetos sanos con intervenciones >6 semanas. Nueve estudios cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y tres de ellos presentaron nivel de evidencia 3. Entre esos estudios, el aumento de masa muscular osciló de 0.8 a 1.9 kg. Sin embargo, el estudio de más largo plazo fue de 12 semanas. Por lo que las evidencias no son suficientes para recomendar el consumo de suplementos proteínicos entre individuos sanos.

To increase strength and lean body mass, protein has become one of the most popular supplements among athletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of protein supplementation on body composition. A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials (RCT), published in MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO up to April 10, 2009, was conducted. All RCT conducted in healthy subjects with interventions of six or more weeks were included. Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and three of them had level 3 of evidence. Among these studies, the increase of lean mass ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 kg. However, the study with the longest term had duration of 12 weeks. Therefore, the evidence does not support the recommendation for the consumption of protein supplements among healthy individuals.

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on body composition and leptin concentration in post-menopausal women

Animal studies reveal that conjugated linoleic acid [CLA] alters body composition, but few studies have examined the effects of CLA supplementation on body composition and leptin concentration in post menopausal women. In the present study, A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to examine the changes in body composition and leptin concentration following 12 week supplementation of either 4 capsules of CLAG80 containing 3.2g CLA [50: 50 ratios of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers] or 4 placebo capsules [high oleic sunflower] in post-menopausal women. Seventy-six healthy post-menopausal women were randomized to receive placebo or 3.2g CLA for 12 weeks. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry was used to measure body composition at baseline and after 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected after 10-12 hours fasting before and after intervention in order to determine leptin levels. Subjects completed 3 day dietary records during the trial, at week 0 [baseline], and at weeks 6 and 12. These dietary records were coded by the same dietitian, and analyzed using Food Processor II. Anthropometric measurements were done according to standard methods. Baseline data for time since menopausal age, BMI, fat mass, lean mass, waist circumference, physical activity and systolic and diastolic pressure were similar in both groups. Dietary CLA in the CLA and placebo groups were 104.5 +/- 43.2 mg and 99.5 +/- 38.2 mg respectively. Although lean body mass increased by 0.87 kg in the CLA group [p<0.00] after 12 weeks of intervention, leptin concentration did not change in either group. Conjugated Linoleic Acid supplementation improves loss of skeletal muscle in postmenopausal women